Obtaining Data:Sample Values

Overland Parameters

TABLE 17.17 Adjustment for the Erodibility Factor (K)

For soils with high very fine sand content of greater than 15% For soil textures coarser than loam (represented by the shaded area in the nomograph), subtract 5% from the percentage of verv fine sand and add the difference to the silt content. The 5% remaining very tine sand should be added to the % total sand" For soil textures finer than loam (represented by the areas outside of the shaded area in the nomograph), subtract 10% from the % very fine sand and add the differenct to the silt content. The 10 % remaining very fine sand should be added to the % total sand. Determine the K value from the nomograph using the corrected sand and silt contents For soil conditions outside the ideal conditions used to develop the nomograph as follows: If organic matter content is different from 2%, add the correction values provided in the following table   Correction values when organic matter is K value 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% Greater than 0.40 +0.14 +0.07 0.00 -0.07 -0.14 0.20-0.40 +0.10 +0.05 0.00 -0.05 -0.10 Less than 0.20 +0.06 +0.03 0.00 -0.03 -0.06 if rock content greater than 15%. the following table is used to adjuSt the K values. Rock content is the amount of soil particles by volume greater than 2.0 mm.   Correction values when rock content is about K value 15-35% 35-60% 60-75% 0.10 +0.06 +0.05 +0.02 0.15 +0.10 +0.05 +0.02 0.17 +0.10 +0.05 +0.02 0.20 +0.10 +0.05 +0.02 0.24 +0.15 +0.10 +0.05 0.28 +0.15 +0.10 +0.05 0.32 +0.17 +0.10 +0.05 0.37 +0.20 +0.10 +0.05 0.43 +0.24 +0.15 +O.1O 0.49 +0 28 +0.15 +0.10 0.55 +0.32 +0.17 +0.10 0.64 +0.37 +0.20 +0.15 if soil structures are disturbed the following corrections are added to the K values. Soil structure Corrections Very fine granular -0.09 Fine granular -0.06 Moderate or coarse granular -0.03 K corrections for permeability are provided as follows: Soil characteristics Corrections Compact soil or pH greater than 9.0 + 0.03 Many medium or coarse pores -0.03

Source: From Goldman et al. (1986).

TABLE 17.18   Cropping Management Factor (C) Values for Various Types of Cover Type of cover C Reduction, % None (fallow ground) 1.00 0 Native Vegetation (undisturbed) 0.01 99 Temporary Seedings (90% stand)—after 60 days 0.10 90     90% cover, annual grasses, no mulch     Wood liber mulch, 0.75 ton/acre, with seed 0.50 50     Ryegrass (perennial type) 0.05 95     Ryegrass (annulus) 0.10 90     Millet or Sudan Grass 0.05 95     Small Grain 0.05 95 Permanent Seedings (90% stand)     First 60 days 0.40 60     60 to 365 days 0.05 95     After 365 days 0.01 99 Sod (laid immediately) 0.01 99 Mulch (rate of application in tons/ac)     Hay at 0.5 ton/ac 0.25 75     Hay at 1.0 ton/ac 0.13 87 Hay at 1.5 tons/ac 0.07 93     Hay at 2.0 tons/ac 0.02 98     Small Grain Straw at 2.00 tons/ac 0.02 98     Straw at 1.5 tons/ac, tacked down (for slopes up to 2:1) 0.20 80     Straw at 4.0 tons/ac, tacked down (for slopes up to 2:1) 0.05 95     Wood Chips at 6.0 tons/ac 0.06 94     Wood Cellulose at 1.75 tons/ac 0.10 90     Fiberglass at 0.5 ton/ac 0.05 95 Asphalt Emulsion (1250 gal/ac) 0.02 98 Excelsior mat, jute (for slopes up to 2:1) 0.30 70 Unit conversion: 1 ton/ac = 2.267 t/ha. Sources: From Wanielista, 1978 and Goldman et ai. (1986).

TABLE 17.19 Cropping Management Factor (C) for General Land Use
General land use	C
Crop Land	0.08
Pasture Land	0.01
Forest Land	0.005
Urban Land	0.01
Other	1.00

Source: Wanielista (1978).

TABLE 17.22 Erosion Control Practice Factors for Construction Sites
Surface condition	P
Compacted and smooth	1.3
Trackwalked along contour1	1.2
Trackwalked up and down slope2	0.9
Punched straw	0.9
Rough, irregular cut	0.9
Loose to 12-in (30-cm) depth	0.8

¹Tread marks oriented up and down slope
²Tread marks oriented parallel to contours.
Source: From Goldman et al. (1986)

Overland Roughness Table Land Use or Cover Recommended n-Value Range Concrete or asphalt 0.011a 0.01-0.013a Developed/industrial 0.0137b - Bare sand 0.01a 0.010-0.016a Graveled surface 0.02a 0.012-0.03a Bare clay-loam (eroded) 0.02a 0.012-0.033a Gullied land - 0.320-0.357c Bare field - no residue 0.05a 0.006-0.16a Range (natural) 0.13a 0.01-0.32a Range (clipped) 0.10a 0.02-0.24a Grass and pasture - 0.05-0.15a Pasture - 0.235-271c Clover - 0.08-0.25a Small grain - 0.1 -0.4a Row crops - 0.07-0.2a Cotton/soy - 0.246-0.261c Grass (bluegrass sod) 0.45a 0.39-0.63a Short grass prairie 0.15a 0.10-0.203 Dense grass 0.24a 0.17-0.30a Bermuda grass 0.41a 0.30-0.48a Forest 0.192b 0.184-198c Sparely vegetated 0.150b - aEngman (1986), bDowner, cSenarath et al (2000)

Stream Parameters

Table 12.2.1 Variation of Manning's Roughness Coefficients n with Bed Type

Bed characteristics	Reference Manning's roughness coefficient n
Sand:
Plane bed	0.011-0.020
Ripple bed	0.018-0.035
Dune bed	0.020-0.035
Standing waves	0.014-0.025
Antidunes	0.015-0.035
Gravel and cobbles:	0.020-0.030
Boulder	"Roughness varies greatly. Usually roughness increases with decreasing flow depth, n can reach 0.1"
Vegetation	"Roughness varies greatly with the changes of density, height, flexibility of vegetation, and the relative ratio between flow depth and vegetative elements"
"Bermuda, Kentucky, Buffalo grasses"	Flow depth more than 5 times vegetation height n between 0.03 and 0.06
	Flow depth the same or less than that of vegetation height. 0.01-0.2
Extremely dense vegetation	"Vegetation height above flow depth, n can exceed 1"
Natural sandy streams:
Clean and straight	0.025-0.04
Winding and some weeds	0.03-0.05
Mountain streams with boulders	0.04-0.1
align="center" | Floodplains:
Short grass	0.02-0.04
High grass	0.03-0.05
Dense willow, brush, etc.	0.05-0.20

Table of Particle Classifications   Size, mm μm Inches Tyler US. standard Class Boulders and cobbles:   4000-2000     160-80     Very large boulders   2000-1000     80-40     Large boulders   1000-500     40-20     Medium boulders   500-250     20-10     Small boulders   250-130     10-5     Large cobbles   130-64     5-2.5     Small cobbles Gravel:   64-32     2.5-1.3     Very coarse gravel   32-16     1.3-0.6     Coarse gravel   16-8     0.6-0.3 2 1/2   Medium gravel   8-4     0.3-0.16 5 5 Fine gravel   4-2     0.16-0.08 9 10 Very fine gravel Sand:   2-1 2.00-1.00 2000-1000   16 18 Very coarse sand   1-11/2 1.00-0.50 1000-500   32 35 Coarse sand   1/2-1/4 0.50-0.25 500-250   60 60 Medium sand   1/4-1/8 0.25-0.125 250-125   115 120 Fine sand   1/8-1/16 0.125-0.062 125-62   250 230 Very fine sand Silt:   1/16-1/32 0.062-0.031 62-31       Coarse silt   1/32-1/64 0.031-0.016 31-16       Medium silt   1/64-1/128 0.016-0.008 16-8       Fine silt   1/128-1/256 0.008-0.004 8-4       Very fine silt Clay:   1/256-1/512 0.004-0.0020 4-2       Coarse clay   1/512-1/1024 0.0020-0.0010 2-1       Medium clay   1/1024-1/2048 0.0010-0.0005 1-0.5       Fine clay   1/2048-1/4096 0.0005-0.00024 0.5-0.24       Very fine clay Source: From Lane.78

Infiltration Parameters

RICHARDS_EQN_INFILTRATION_BROOKS Parameters
Table Name	# Values	Parameter	Units	Typical Range
RICHARDS_EQN_INFILTRATION_BROOKS 3 sets of values for each ID. one set of values per line for each soil layer	9x3	Ks	cm/hr	0.05 - 23.5
		e	none	0.4 - 0.55
		θr	none	0.01 -0.1
		θi	none	θr - e
		θwp	none	0.03 - 0.25
		d	cm	NA
		λ	none	0.1 - 0.4
		Ψb	cm	5.0 - 100.0
		Δz	cm	0.1 - 10.0

RICHARDS_EQN_INFILTRATION_HAVERCAMP Parameters
Table Name	# Values	Parameter	Units	Range
RICHARDS_EQN_INFILTRATION_HAVERCAMP 3 sets of values for each ID One set of values per line for each soil layer	11 x 3	Ks	cm/hr	0.05 - 23.5
		e	none	0.4 - 0.55
		θr	none	0.01 -0.1
		θi	none	θr - e
		θwp	none	0.03 - 0.25
		dL	cm	NA
		α	none	fit to curve
		Β	none	fit to curve
		A	none	fit to curve
		B	none	fit to curve
		Δz	cm	0.1 - 10.0

Evapotranspiration Parameters

Table A.l: Albedos of shortwave radiation for assorted types of vegetation/land-cover typesa
Ground Cover	Albedo
Snow	see Figures A.l and A.2
Fresh snow	0.75-0.95b, 0.70-0.95c, 0.80-0.95d, 0.95e
Fresh snow (low density)	0.85f
Fresh snow (high density)	0.65f
Fresh dry snow	0.80-0.95g
Pure white snow	0.60-0.70g
Polluted snow	0.40-0.50g
Snow several days old	0.40-0.70b, 0.70c, 0.42-0.70d, 0.40e
Clean old snow	0.55f
Dirty old snow	0.45f
Clean glacier ice	0.35f
Dirty glacier ice	0.25f
Glacier	0.20-0.40e
Dark soil	0.05-0.15b, 0.05-0.15g
Dry clay or gray soil	0.20-0.35b, 0.20-0.35g
Dark organic soils	O.10f
Dry black soil	0.14i
Moist black soil	0.08i
Dry gray soils	0.25-0.30i
Moist gray soils	0.10-0.20g, 0.10-0.12i
Dry blue loam	0.23i
Moist blue loam	0.16i
Desert loam	0.29-0.31i
Clay	0.20f
Dry clay soils	0.20-0.35d
Dry light sand	0.25-0.45b
Dry, light sandy soils	0.25-0.45g
Dry, sandy soils	0.25-0.45d
Light sandy soils	0.35f
Dry sand dune	0.35-0.45b, 0.37c
Wet sand dune	0.20-0.30b, 0.24c
Dry light sand, high sun	0.35f
Dry light sand, low sun	0.60f
Wet gray sand	0.10f
Dry gray sand	0.20f
Wet white sand	0.25f
Dry white sand	0.35f
Yellow sand	0.35f
White sand	0.34-40i
River sand	0.43i
Bright, fine sand	0.37i
Rock	0.12-0.15i
Peat soils	0.05-0.15d
Dry black coal spoil, high sun	0.05f
Dry concrete	0.17-0.27b, 0.10-0.35e
Road black top	0.05-0.10b
Ground Cover	Albedo
Asphalt	0.05-0.20e
Tar and gravel	0.08-0.18e
Densely urbanized areas	0.15-0.25i
Urban area	0.10-0.27 with an average of 0.15e
Long grass (1.0 m)	0.16e
Short grass (2 cm)	0.26e
Wet dead grass	0.20f
Dry dead grass	0.30f
High, dense grass	0.18-0.20i
Green grass	0.26i
Grass dried in sun	0.19i
Typical fields	0.20f
Dry steppe	0.25f, 0.20-0.30g
Tundra and heather	0.15f
Tundra	0.18-0.25e, 0.15-0.20g
Heather	0.10i
Meadows	0.15-0.25g
Cereal and tobacco crops	0.25f
Cotton, potatoes and tomato crops	0.20f
Cotton	0.20-0.22i
Cotton plantations	0.20-0.25g
Potatoes	0.19i
Potato plantations	0.15-0.25g
Lettuce	0.22i
Beets	0.18i
Sugar cane	0.15f
Orchards	0.15-0.20e
Agricultural crops	0.18-0.25e, 0.20-0.30d
Rice field	0.12i
Rye and wheat fields	0.10-0.25g
Spring wheat	0.10-0.25i
Winter wheat	0.16-0.23i
Winter rye	0.18-0.23i
Deciduous forests - bare of leaves	0.15e
Deciduous forests - leaved	0.20e
Deciduous forests	0.15-0.20g
Deciduous forests - bare with snow on the ground	0.20d
Mixed hardwoods in leaf	0.18f
Rain forest	0.15f
Eucalyptus	0.20f
Forest - pine, fir, oak	0.10-0.18c
Forest - coniferous forests	0.10-0.15g, 0.10-0.15d
Forest - red pine forests	0.10f
Tops of oak	0.18i
Tops of pine	0.14i
Tops of fir	0.10i
Water	-0.0139 + 0.0467 tan Z, 1 ≥ A ≥ 0.03h
Water	see Figure A.3

NOTE:- ^aThe smaller value is for high zenith angles; larger value for low zenith angles.
From ^b Sellers (1965); ^c Munn (1966); ^d Rosenberg (1974); ^e Oke (1973); ^f Lee (1978); ^g de Jong (1973); ^h Atwater and Ball (1981); and, ⁱ Eagleson (1970).

Table A.2: Typical Extinction of Insolation by Grass (adapted from Eagleson. 1970) Height of Grass (cm) Kt 100 0.18 50 0.18 10 0.68 Source: Data from O.G. Sutton, "Micrometeorology," McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953.

Table A.3: Typical values of canopy resistance at noon Type of Vegetation Canopy Resistance at Noon (s/m) Cotton fielda ~ 17 Coniferous forest (Spruce)a ~ 100 Coniferous forest (Hemlock)a ~ 150 Coniferous forest (Pine, March)b ~ 140 Coniferous forest (Pine, June)b ~ 120 Coniferous forest (Pine, September/October)b ~ 123 Prairie grasslands (late July)c ~ 100 Prairie grasslands (mid September)c -500 Irrigated short grass cropd -86 Unirrigated barleyd -43 from aPielke (1984), bGash and Stewart (1975), cMonteith (1975) and dSceicz and Long (1969)

Table A.5: Sample values of vegetation height (Eagleson, 1970) Vegetation/Forest Types Sample Vegetation Height (cm) Mown Grass 1.5-4.5 Alfalfa 20 - 40 Long Grass 60-70 Maize 90-300 Sugar Cane 100-400 Brush 135 Orange Orchard 350 Pine forest 500 - 2700 Deciduous forest 1700 NOTE: The vegetation heights listed in Table A.3 are sample values only. Those values may not be the representative, expected vegetation height-values of those vegetation/forest types.

TABLE D-2

Visible-Range Reflectance (albedo) of Various Forms of Water and Various Earth Materials
Surface	Conditions		Albedo, a
Clouds	Low overcast:	100 m thick	0.40
		200 m thick	0.50
		500 m thick	0.70
Liquid water	Smooth; solar angle:	60°	0.05
		30°	0.10
		20°	0.15
		10°	0.35
		5°	0.60
	Wavy; solar angle:	60°	0.10
Solid water	Fresh snow;	low density	0.85
		high density	0.65
	Old snow;	clean	0.55
		dirty	0.45
	Glacier ice;	clean	0.35
		dirty	0.25
Sand	Dry, light;	high sun	0.35
		low sun	0.60
	Gray;	wet	0.10
		dry	0.20
	White;	wet	0.25
		dry	0.35
Soil	Organic;	dark	0.10
	Clay		0.20
	Sandy;	light	0.30
Grass	Typical fields		0.20
	Dead;	wet	0.20
		dry	0.30
Tundra, heather			0.15
Crops	Cereals, tobacco		0.25
	Cotton, potato, tomato		0.20
	Sugar cane		0.15
Trees	Rain forest		0.15
	Eucalyptus		0.20
	Red pine forest		0.10
	Mixed hardwoods in leaf		0.18

Data from Lee (1980).

Groundwater Parameters

TABLE 12.1.2 Porosity and Specific Weight for Sediments Classification and range mm Fine sand 1/8-1/4 mm Fine sand 1/4-1/2 mm Medium sand 1/2-1 mm Coarse sand 1-2 mm Coarse sand 2-4 mm Gravelly sand 4-8 mm Fine gravel 8-16 mm Medium gravel 16-32 mm Coarse gravel 32-64 mm Coarse gravel 64-128 mm Coarse gravel and boulders 128-256 mm Porosity, % 44 43 41 39 37.5 34.5 33 27 23 18 17 Specific weight kN/m3 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 20 22 22 Specific weight lb f/ft3 93 94 98 101 103 108 111 121 127 130 137

Table 6. Specific Storage (Anderson & Woessner, 1992). Material Specific storage (Ss)/(m) Plastic Clay 2.0E-02 to 2.6E-03 Stiff Clay 2.6E-03 to 1.3E-03 Medium-hard clay 1.3E-03 to 9.2E-04 Loose sand 1.0E-03 to 4.9E-04 Dense sand 2.0E-04 to 1.3E-04 Dense sandy gravel 1.0E-04 to 4.9E-05 Rock, fissure, jointed 6.9E-05 to 3.3E-06 Rock, sound Less than 3.3e-6

TABLE 6-1 Representative Values of Parameters in Equations (6-11) and (6-12) Based on Analysis of 1845 Soilsa Soil Texture Φ Khsat (cm/s) |Ψs| (cm) b Sand 0.395 (0.056) 1.76 x 10-2 12.1 (14.3) 4.05 (1.78) Loamy sand 0.410 (0.068) 1.56 x 10-2 9.0 (12.4) 4.38 (1.47) Sandy loam 0.435 (0.086) 3.47 x 10-3 21.8 (31.0) 4.90 (1.75) Silt loarn 0.485 (0.059) 7.20 x 10-4 78.6 (51.2) 5.30 (1.96) Loam 0.451 (0.078) 6.95 x 10-4 47.8 (51.2) 5.39 (1.87) Sandy clay loam 0.420 (0.059) 6.30 x 10-4 29.9 (37.8) 7.12 (2.43) Silty clay loam 0.477 (0.057) 1.70 x 10-4 35.6 (37.8) 7.75 (2.77) Clay loam 0.476 (0.053) 2.45 x 10-4 63.0 (51.0) 8.52 (3.44) Sandy clay 0.426 (0.057) 2.17 x 10-4 15.3 (17.3) 10.4 (1.64) Silty clay 0.492 (0.064) 1.03 x 10-4 49.0 (62.1) 10.4 (4.45) Clay 0.482 (0.050) 1.28 x 10-4 40.5 (39.7) 11.4 (3.70)

a Values in parentheses are standard deviations. Data from Clapp and Hornberger (1978).

Table 7. Specific Yield (Fetter, 1994). Material Specific Yield (Sy) Min Max Average Clay 0.00 0.05 0.02 Sandy clay 0.03 0.12 0.07 Silt 0.03 0.19 0.18 Fine sand 0.10 0.28 0.21 Medium sand 0.15 0.32 0.26 Coarse sand 0.20 0.35 0.27 Gravelly sand 0.20 0.35 0.25 Fine gravel 0.21 0.35 0.25 Medium gravel 0.13 0.26 0.23 Coarse gravel 0.12 0.26 0.22

Table 1. Rawls & Brakensiek soil parameter estimates. (1) USDA Textural Classification (2) Total Porosity (3) Effective Porosity (4) Residual Water Content (5) Wilting Point Water Content (6) Air Entry Pressure (cm) (7) Pore Distrib. Index (8) Sat. Hydr. Conduct. (cm/hr) (9) G&A Capillary Head (cm) Sand 0.437 0.417 0.020 0.033 7.26 0.694 23.56 4.95 Loamy sand 0.437 0.401 0.035 0.055 8.69 0.553 5.98 6.13 Sandy loam 0.453 0.412 0.041 0.095 14.66 0.378 2.18 11.01 Loam 0.463 0.434 0.027 0.117 11.15 0.252 1.32 8.89 Silt loam 0.501 0.486 0.015 0.133 20.79 0.234 0.68 16.68 Sandy clay loam 0.398 0.330 0.068 0.148 28.08 0.319 0.30 21.85 Clay loam 0.464 0.390 0.075 0.197 25.89 0.242 0.20 20.88 Silty clay loam 0.471 0.432 0.040 0.208 32.56 0.177 0.20 27.30 Sandy clay 0.430 0.321 0.109 0.23'9 29.17 0.223 0.12 23.90 Silty clay 0.479 0.423 0.056 0.250 34.19 0.150 0.10 29.22 Clay 0.475 0.385 0.090 0.272 37.30 0.165 0.06 31.63

USDA Soil Properties Calculator

Field Capacity

Field Capacity
Texture Class	-1 SD	MEAN	+1 SD
Sand	0.018	0.091	0.164
Loamy Sand	0.060	0.125	0.190
Sandy Loam	0.126	0.207	0.288
Loam	0.195	0.270	0.345
Silt Loam	0.258	0.330	0.402
Sandy Clay Loam	0.186	0.255	0.324
Clay Loam	0.250	0.318	0.386
Silty Clay Loam	0.304	0.366	0.428
Sandy Clay	0.245	0.339	0.433
Silty Clay	0.332	0.387	0.442
Clay	0.326	0.396	0.466

From: Handbook of Hydrology, Maidment

which reproduces it from Rawls & Brakensiek, "prediction of soil water properties for hydrologic modeling", Watershed Management in the Eighties, ASCE

Specific Gravity

Table 2.4 Specific Gravity of Common Minerals
Mineral	Specific gravity, Gs
Quartz	2.65
Kaolinite	2.6
Illite	2.8
Montmorillonite	2.65-2.80
Halloysite	2.0-2.55
Potassium feldspar	2.57
Sodium and calcium feldspar	2.62-2.76
Chlorite	2.6-2.9
Biotite	2.8-3.2
Muscovite	2.76-3.1
Hornblende	3.0-3.47
Limonite	3.6-4.0
Olivine	3.27-3.7

Weirs

Table 48. Values of C in the Formula Q = CLH3/2 for Models of Broad-crested Weirs with Rounded Upstream Corner Name of Experimenter Head in feet, H 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 Bazin 0.33 2.62 2.46 2.93 2.97 2.98 3.01 3.04           Bazin 0.33 6.56 2.46 2.70 2.82 2.87 2.89 2.92           U.S. Deep Waterways 0.33 2.52 4.57   2.77 2.8 2.83 2.92 3 3.08 3.17 3.34 3.5 U.S. Deep Waterways 1.33 6.56 4.56     2.83 2.83 2.83 2.82 2.82 2.82 2.82 2.81

Table 49. Values of C in the Formula Q = CLH3/2 for Broad-Crested Weirs with Crests Inclined Slightly Downward Slope of Crest Length of weir in feet Head in feet, H 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 12 to 1 3.0 2.58 2.87 2.57 2.60 2.84 2.81 2.70 18 to 1 3.0 2.91 2.92 2.53 2.60 2.80 2.74 2.62 18 to 1 10.0 2.52 2.68 2.73 2.80 2.90 2.80 2.68

Table 50. Values of C in the Formula Q = CLH3/2 for weirs of Triangular Cross Section with Vertical Upstream Face and Sloping Downstream Face Slope of down- stream face Height of weir in feet, P Head in feet, H 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 Hor. Vert.                         1 to 1 2.46 3.88 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 2 to 1 2.46 3.48 3.48 3.49 3.49 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.51 3.51 2 to 1 1.64 3.56 3.47 3.47 3.51 3.54 3.57 3.58 3.58 3.58 3.59 3.57 3 to 1 1.64   2.9 3.11 3.22 3.26 3.33 3.37 3.4 3.4 3.41 3.41 5 to 1 2.46   3.08 3.06 3.05 3.05 3.07 3.09 3.12 3.13 3.13 3.18 10 to 1 2.46   2.82 2.83 2.84 2.86 2.89 2.9 2.91 2.91 2.92 2.93